Tenses

TENSES AND THEIR USAGE:
There are three tenses in English – Present, Past and Future. These three tenses have four forms in which verbs can be formed - These forms are Simple, Continuous, Perfect and Perfect Continuous. See the table below for expressions of the verb WALK in various tenses and forms.

Tense
Form	Present	Past	Future
Simple	Walk/walks	Walked	Will walk
Perfect	Has walked	Had walked	Will have walked
Continuous	Is walking	Was walking	Will be walking
Perfect continuous	Has been walking	Had been walking	Will have been walking

TENSES
Tense is the specific form of a verb that shows when the action it describes takes place, its continuance and completion.
There are three types of tenses.
(1) The Present Tense
(2) The Past Tense
(3) The Future Tense
Each tense has four cases to show exactly the specific time of actions.

The Present Tense

1. Simple Present Tense
   It is the 'base' form of the verb. (e.g. work/works, go/goes) It is mainly used:
   (a) to show actions that happens habitually.
   e.g. I go to bed at nine o' clock.
   (b) To state general facts or universal truths.
   e.g. the sun rises in the east.
   (c) While quoting from books.
   eg. The notice says. 'No Parking'.
   The plurality of the noun influences the verb
   I eat we eat He eats, She eats
   Easy Recall: Subject + verb + object
   e.g. He + eats + rice.
   I + eat + fruits.
   Note: Words like daily, everyday, normally, usually, often, frequently… etc, are used in this tense.
   
2. Present Continuous
   The Second case in present tense is present continuous. The 'ing' form or the present participle (E.g. working, going) is used to denote actions that are going on at the time of speaking. It is also used while talking about things that happen often.
   e.g.
   I am eating a banana.
   It is raining this morning.
   My grandfather is always forgetting things.
   Kishore is always reading novels.
   Easy Recall: Subject + am / is /are + (verb + ing + object)
   I + am + eat + ing + a banana
   Kishore + is + always + read + ing + novels.
   They + are + dance + ing + now.
   (The use of am, is, are, depends on the plurality or singularity of the noun)
   Note: Words like now, at present are often found in this tense.
   
3. Present Perfect
   It is used to talk about finished actions when we think about their results in the present. But this tense should not be used with adverbs or adverbial phrases denoting past time (like yesterday, last week, Monday, etc.). This tense is indicated by adding have, has to the past participle of the verb.
   e.g.
   I have written the letter.
   Ihave known him for a long time.
   Easy Recall: Subject + have / has + past participle of the verb + object
   I + have + written + the letter
   I + have + known + him for a long time.
   She + has + gone + home.
   (Note: The use of have / has, depends on the singularity or plurality of the noun)
   
4. Present Perfect Continuous
   It links the past action with the present. It is used to indicate a prolonged an action that finished a short time ago and also to show an indefinite action beginning at some time in the past and going on till the moment of speaking.
   It is formed with have/ has + been + present participle.
   e.g.
   I have been writing for hours.
   She has been working in the garden.
   Easy Recall: Subject + have, has + been + verb + ing + other words
   1 + have + been + write + ing for hours.
   She + has + been + dance + ing every morning.
   Jack + has + been + work + ing + in the garden.
   Note: Words like since / for / how long are used normally in this tense, the same words are also formed in present perfect tense.

The Past Tense

1. Simple Past
   It is used to indicate an action completed at a certain time in the past. Easy Recall: Subject + past form of the verb + some other words if necessary.
   e.g.
   I + wrote + a letter.
   They + ate + food.
   I + talked + to him.
   Note: Words like yesterday, in the morning, ago, in 2004, last night.. etc are normally used in this tense.
   
2. Past continuous
   It is used to indicate an action that was still going on at a certain time in the past. It is formed with was/were with the present participle.
   Easy Recall: Subject + was/were + verb + ing + other words
   1 + was + write + ing + a letter.
   They + were + play + ing + football.
   He + was + talk + ing + loudly.
   Note: words like while and when are used in this tense.
   
3. Past Perfect
   It is used to indicate the first action when two actions took place in the past. It is formed by adding 'had' to the past participle of the verb.
   Easy Recall: Subject + had + past participle of the verb + other words
   I + had + written + a letter
   He + had + finished + his work.
   They + had + gone + home.
   Note: Words like but, before, already are found in this tense.
   
4. Past Perfect continuous
   It describes an action as giving on for some time at a certain time in the past. This tense is formed with “had been + present participle”
   Easy recall: Subject + had + been + verb + ing + other words.
   e.g. (1) I had been living in Warangal for 15 years when I got a transfer in 2010.
   (2) At that time he had been writing a novel for 2 years.
   Note: “For” along with words indicating past time is used in this tense.

Assignment -1
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the past tense.

1. It ____(rain) when I ____(leave) the office.
2. The boy___ (fall) down.
3. He ____(work) in Iran when his father ____ (die).
4. The workers ____ (go) home by the time I reached there.
5. I ____ (read) when your call came.
6. We ____(see) the exhibition yesterday.
7. He _____ (sell) all the cakes before we__ (get) there.
8. Ramesh ____- (learn) Urdu before h e ___(arrive) in Pakistan.
9. The sun ____ (raise) when I got up.
10. When I reached the station the rain ____(leave).

Answers:
1. was raining, left
2. Fell
3. Was working, died
4. Had gone
5. Was reading
6. Saw
7. Had sold, got
8. Learnt, arrived
9. Had risen
10. Had left

The Future Tense

1. Simple Future
   It is used for an action still to take place (an action to take place in future).
   This tense is formed with shall/ will + present tense form of the verb.
   e.g. I shall/will see him tomorrow.
   He will meet me in the evening.
   Note: That the simple future Tense generally expresses pure or colourless future. When the future is coloured with intention, “the going to + infinitive” construction is preferred.
   Eg. He is going to build a house.
   Note: For I / we “Shall/will” is used and for other subjects “will” is used.
   
2. Future Continuous Tense:
   It represents an action as going on at some time in future time.
   e.g. I shall/ will be reading then.
   When I get home, my children will be playing.
   
3. Future Perfect
   It is used to express the completion of an action by a certain future time. The verb used will be in the past participle form.
   Easy Recall: Subject + shall, will + have + past participle + other words
   I + shall + have + written + the letter by the evening.
   They + will + have + transferred + the furniture by tomorrow.
   He + will + have + finished + the book by 6 p.m. the next day.
   
4. Future Perfect Continuous
   It is used to express an action that may be continued up to a time in the future.
   Easy Recall: Subject + shall, will + have been + verb + ing + other words
   I + shall + have been + study + ing + for medicine, for two years by then.

Assignment - 2
Choose the correct verb form from those in brackets.

1. The sun ___ during the day. (shine, shines, is shining)
2. When ____ your pen? (Have you lost, lose, did you lose)
3. I _____ this bag in Delhi. (had been bought, bought, buy)
4. ___to the party yesterday? (Go, Have you gone, did you go)
5. since 1990, women's fashion ____ a lot. (Are changing, have changed, and has changed)
6. I wish I ____ younger. (are, is, were)
7. How long ____ stay in your uncle's house? (Will you, shall you, have been you)
8. They ____ to Patna tomorrow. (go, went, are going)
9. I _____ this letter, while I ____ for a book. (find, found/was looking, looked)
10. We _____ here every day. (sat, sitting, sit)

Answers:
1. Shines
2. Did you lose
3. Bought
4. Did you go
5. Has changed
6. Were
7. Will you
8. Are going
9. Found, was looking
10. Sit

GET YOUR TENSES RIGHT
Rule I: If the verb in the independent clause is in the past tense, the verb in the dependent clause also should be in the past tense.
Incorrect: He did not come in because it is raining.
Correct: He did not come in because it was raining.

Rule II: Incidents happening in the same time should have the same tense.
For example:
I met him when he came out.
He will see me when I come out.

Rule III: Simple past tense should not be used instead of past perfect tense. When there are two actions both in the past, the earlier action should be in past perfect tense.
Incorrect: Ihad joined the air force in 1990.
Correct: Ijoined the air force in 1990.

Rule IV: Past tense is to be used for an action in the past/but the result of that action should be indicated in present perfect tense.
Incorrect: Iknow him since my childhood.
Correct: I have known him since my childhood.

Rule V: The present tense is used to show habitual action.
Incorrect: I am attending the meetings daily.
Correct: I attend the meetings daily.

Rule VI: 'were', 'had', 'would', and 'could' are used if a sentence expresses a wish.
'Were' is used when the wish seems to be unrealistic at present.
'Had' is used to represent past actions.
'Would' is used when we give expression to our wish about the future.
'Could' is used when we wish that something that has happened already should have happened otherwise.

For example:

1. If I were a bird. (Unrealizable wish)
2. I have failed, I wish I had worked harder. (Repenting over the past)
3. I wish I would pass this examination. (Simple wish)
4. They are free today; I wish they could accompany you.

Tense Chart
Tense	Indefinite	Continuous	Perfect	Perfect Continuous
Present	I take tea. I do not take tea. Do you take tea? Why do you take tea?	I am taking tea. I am not taking tea. Am I taking tea? Why am I taking tea?	I have taken tea. I have not taken tea. Have I taken tea? Why have I taken tea?	I have been taking tea for 15 minutes. I have not been taking tea for 15 minutes. Why have I been taking tea for 15 minutes?
Past	I took tea. I did not take tea. Did I take tea? Why did I take tea?	I was taking tea. I was not taking tea. Was 1 taking tea? Why was I taking tea?	I had taken tea. I had not taken tea. Had I taken tea? Why had I taken tea?	I had been taking tea for 15 minutes. I had not been taking tea for 15 minutes. Had I been taking tea for 15 minutes? Why had I been taking tea for 15 minutes?
Future	I shall take tea. I shall not take tea. Shall I take tea? Why shall I take tea? Note: ‘Will’ is also used for I and we.	I shall be taking tea. I shall not be taking tea. Shall I be taking tea? Why shall I be taking tea?	I shall have taken tea. 1 shall not have taken tea. Shall I have taken tea? Why shall I have taken tea?	I shall have been taking tea for 15 minutes. I shall not have been taking tea for 15 minutes. Shall I have been taking tea for 15 minutes? Why shall I have been taking tea for 15 minutes?

THREE FORMS OF VERBS

I Form (Present)	II Form (Past)	III Form(Past Participle)
ABIDE	ABODE, ABIDED	ABODE, ABIDED
ACT	ACTED	ACTED
ADD	ADDED	ADDED
ADMIT	ADMITTED	ADMITTED
ADVICE	ADVISED	ADVISED
ANSWER	ANSWERED	ANSWERED
APPOINT	APPOINTED	APPOINTED
APPEAR	APPEARED	APPEARED
APPLY	APPLIED	APPLIED
ARISE	AROSE	ARISEN
AGREE	AGREED	AGREED
ALLOW	ALLOWED	ALLOWED
ASK	ASKED	ASKED
ASSURE	ASSURED	ASSURED
ARREST	ARRESTED	ARRESTED
ATTACK	ATTACKED	ATTACKED
AWAKE	AWOKE	AWOKEN
BARK	BARKED	BARKED
BATHE	BATHED	BATHED
BEG	BEGGED	BEGGED
BEHAVE	BEHAVED	BEHAVED
BELIEVE	BELIEVED	BELIEVED
BEAR	BORE	BORN, BORNE
BEAT	BEAT	BEATEN
BEGIN	BEGAN	BEGUN
BECOME	BECAME	BECOME
BREAK	BROKE	BROKEN
BLOW	BLEW	BLOWN
BEND	BENT	BENT
BITE	BIT	BITTEN
BRING	BROUGHT	BROUGHT
BOIL	BOILED	BOILED
BOAST	BOASTED	BOASTED
BORROW	BORROWED	BORROWED
BUILD	BUILT	BUILT
BURN	BURNT	BURNT
BUY	BOUGHT	BOUGHT
BET	BET	BET
BURST	BURST	BURST
CAST	CAST	CAST
COST	COST	COST
CUT	CUT	CUT
CALL	CALLED	CALLED
CARRY	CARRIED	CARRIED
CATCH	CAUGHT	CAUGHT
CLEAN	CLEANED	CLEANED
CLOSE	CLOSED	CLOSED
CHANGE	CHANGED	CHANGED
CHECK	CHECKED	CHECKED
CLIMB	CLIMBED	CLIMBED
COMPLETE	COMPLETED	COMPLETED
COOK	COOKED	COOKED
COUNT	COUNTED	COUNTED
COVER	COVERED	COVERED
CRY	CRIED	CRIED
COME	CAME	COME
CHOOSE	CHOSE	CHOSEN
DIG	DUG	DUG
DO	DID	DONE
DRINK	DRANK	DRUNK
DRIVE	DROVE	DRIVEN
DRAW	DREW	DRAWN
DANCE	DANCED	DANCED
DECEIVE	DECEIVED	DECEIVED
DEFEAT	DEFEATED	DEFEATED
DECIDE	DECIDED	DECIDED
DESIRE	DESIRED	DESIRED
DIVIDE	DIVIDED	DIVIDED
DIE	DIED	DIED
DREAM	DREAMT	DREAMT
DROWN	DROWNED	DROWNED
DISCOVER	DISCOVERED	DISCOVERED
DECORATE	DECORATED	DECORATED
EARN	EARNED	EARNED
ENTER	ENTERED	ENTERED
EXAMINE	EXAMINED	EXAMINED
EAT	ATE	EATEN
FALL	FELL	FALLEN
FLY	FLEW	FLOWN
FIND	FOUND	FOUND
FORGET	FORGOT	FORGOT
FAIL	FAILED	FAILED
FEAR	FEARED	FEARED
FEED	FED	FED
FEEL	FELT	FELT
FIGHT	FOUGHT	FOUGHT
FINISH	FINISHED	FINISHED
GET	GOT	GOT
GIVE	GAVE	GIVEN
GO	WENT	GONE
GROW	GREW	GROWN
HIDE	HID	HIDDEN
HOLD	HELD	HELD
HEAR	HEARD	HEARD
HELP	HELPED	HELPED
HURT	HURT	HURT
HIT	HIT	HIT
INVITE	INVITED	INVITED
JOIN	JOINED	JOINED
JUMP	JUMPED	JUMPED
KEEP	KEPT	KEPT
KILL	KILLED	KILLED
KNIT	KNITTED	KNITTED
KNOCK	KNOCKED	KNOCKED
KNOW	KNEW	KNOWN
KNIT	KNIT, KNITTED	KNIT, KNITTED
LIE	LAY	LAIN
LIE	LIED	LIED
LAUGH	LAUGHED	LAUGHED
LEARN	LEARNT	LEARNT
LEAVE	LEFT	LEFT
LEND	LENT	LENT
LOSE	LOST	LOST
LIKE	LIKED	LIKED
LISTEN	LISTENED	LISTENED
LOOK	LOOKED	LOOKED
LOVE	LOVED	LOVED
MAKE	MADE	MADE
MARRY	MARRIED	MARRIED
MAN	MEANT	MEANT
MEET	MET	MET
MOVE	MOVED	MOVED
NEED	NEEDED	NEEDED
OBEY	OBEYED	OBEYED
OPEN	OPENED	OPENED
OPPOSE	OPPOSED	OPPOSED
PAY	PAID	PAID
PLAY	PLAYED	PLAYED
PRAY	PRAYED	PRAYED
PRAISE	PRAISED	PRAISED
PLUCK	PLUCKED	PLUCKED
PULL	PULLED	PULLED
PUSH	PUSHED	PUSHED
PUT	PUT	PUT
PREPARE	PREPARED	PREPARED
PROMISE	PROMISED	PROMISED
PLOUGH	PLOUGHED	PLOUGHED
QUIT	QUIT	QUIT
RAIN	RAINED	RAINED
REPLY	REPLIED	REPLIED
REACH	REACHED	REACHED
RECEIVE	RECEIVED	RECEIVED
REMEMBER	REMEMBERED	REMEMBERED
REPAIR	REPAIRED	REPAIRED
RETURN	RETURNED	RETURNED
RIDE	RODE	RIDDEN
RING	RANG	RUNG
RISE	ROSE	RISEN
READ	READ	READ
SHUT	SHUT	SHUT
SET	SET	SET
SPLIT	SPLIT	SPLIT
SPREAD	SPREAD	SPREAD
SEE	SAW	SEEN
SELL	SOLD	SOLD
SIT	SAT	SAT
SINK	SANK	SUNK
SPEAK	SPOKE	SPOKEN
STAND	STOOD	STOOD
STEAL	STOLE	STOLEN
SHAKE	SHOOK	SHAKEN
SHINE	SHONE	SHONE
SHOOT	SHOT	SHOT
STRIKE	STRUCK	STRUCK
SWIM	SWAM	SWUM
SAY	SAID	SAID
SEEK	SOUGHT	SOUGHT
SAVE	SAVED	SAVED
START	STARTED	STARTED
SEND	SENT	SENT
SLEEP	SLEPT	SLEPT
STOP	STOPPED	STOPPED
STUDY	STUDIED	STUDIED
SLIP	SLIPPED	SLIPPED
SHOW	SHOWED	SHOWN
TALK	TALKED	TALKED
TELL	TOLD	TOLD
TEACH	TAUGHT	TAUGHT
THINK	THOUGHT	THOUGHT
TOUCH	TOUCHED	TOUCHED
TRY	TRIED	TRIED
TAKE	TOOK	TAKEN
TEAR	TORE	TORN
THROW	THREW	THROWN
USE	USED	USED
UNDERSTAND	UNDERSTOOD	UNDERSTOOD
WALK	WALKED	WALKED
WASH	WASHED	WASHED
WAIT	WAITED	WAITED
WEEP	WEPT	WEPT
WORK	WORKED	WORKED
WISH	WISHED	WISHED
WORSHIP	WORSHIPPED	WORSHIPEED
WONDER	WONDERED	WONDERED
WIN	WON	WON
WEAR	WORE	WORN
WRITE	WROTE	WRITTE

Assignment – 3
Fill in the blanks with the right option:

1. He ____ to get help from anyone, (is hating/hates)
2. It was known to me that he____ ill. (Was/is)
3. The patient___ before the doctor arrived, (had died/ died)
4. He was speaking as if he ____ ill. (Was/were)
5. He said that he ___ going to pay football, (is/was)
6. These days I ___ him daily, (am visiting/visit)
7. Yesterday, I ____ to the Buddha Garden for a stroll, (went/had gone)
8. 1 wonder if he ___ ever see her again, (will/shall)
9. I ____ now. (will come/ am coming)
10. He ____ waiting for you since morning, (has been/is)

(1) Past Simple Tense
A. Action that was completed in the past

• He went home.
• I walked in the morning

B. Continuity of an action in the past

• He walked while they ran

C. Habitual action in the past

• My brother said so

D. Imaginary present situations or imaginary future event

• I walked on water I would be very famous

(II-) Past Continuous Tense
A. Describes what action was happening or going on at a past particular moment

• I was working in the morning today
• While I was sleeping I had a dream (incorrect to say - while I slept I had a dream)

B. Used together with the past simple tense to denote two actions in the past - a longer action in the past continuous tense and the shorter action in the past simple tense.

C. The shorter action may also be an interruption in the longer action.

• I was eating when the phone rang
• We were running while they walked

Assignment – 4

1. She (walk) down the street when she (see) her mother and stopped to say hello.
2. Helen (see) the old man and (go) to help him.
3. Coral (read) a book when the phone (ring).
4. When he (receive) her letter, he (stay) in Germany.
5. While he (look) out of the window, he (notice) that there was a man who (stand) on the other side of the road.

• Nikhil had lived in Noida for four years (incorrect)
• Nikhil had lived in Noida for four years before moving to Delhi (correct)
• I had studied hard (incorrect)
• I had studied hard before I fell ill.(correct)

B. Used in Indirect Reported speech : after past verbs like said, explained, told, thought knew, wondered etc.

• I told them that I had bought a motorcycle
• He told me that he had thought about moving to Delhi

Assignment – 5

1. By the time we (get) ____ to the cinema the film (start) ____ , so we missed the first five minutes.
2. When I rang the bell there was no answer. The neighbour (tell) _____ me that they (go out) ____ about half an hour ago.
3. I saw Casablanca for the first time last night. I (never, see) ______ it before.
4. After I (have)_____ a huge lunch, I (feel)______ fat.
5. I spent a week in Miami recently. I (never, be ) ____ there before.

• Nikhil had been sleeping for two hours
• We have been teaching for many years
• The fire had been raging for two days before the firemen could control it.

(V.) Present Simple Tense
A. Express action in the present

• Nikhil teaches in class

B. To express a future event as part of regular time table

• Rajdhani express leaves at 4:30 PM

C. Describes a habitual action

• He goes for a walk every morning

D. Expressing general or universal truths

• The earth moves around the sun

E. Exclamatory sentences beginning with here or there

• There she goes!

F. Used instead of future simple tense in clauses of Time and condition

• If it rains we shall get wet

(VI.) Present Continuous Tense
A. Expresses an action currently under progress

• Nikhil is teaching
• Saurabh is sleeping
• Anil is crying

B. Express situations or developments that are changing continuously

• India is getting better and better each day

C. Used to express events in the near future

• We are having dinner together tonight
• We are going to Shimla tomorrow

D. List of verbs not to be used in the present continuous form

Like	Dislike	Hate	Love	Wish	Please
Satisfy	Believe	Doubt	Guess	Imagine	Know
Mean	Realize	Remember	Recognize	Suppose	Think (Opinion)
Feel (Opinion)	Hear	See	Taste (Have a taste)	Sound	Weight (have Weight)
Contain	Deserve	Lack	Include	Involve	Need
Owe	Possess	Own	Appear	Seem	Resemble

Assignment – 6

1. They (sell) my grandfather six eggs every Saturday.
2. Mr Brown (have) a cold shower every morning, but at the moment he (have) a hot bath.
3. She (dislike) playing tennis but she (adore) swimming.
4. He (not work) in his room at the moment?
5. Mrs Poole seldom (eat) crisps.

• I have taken six classes since this morning
• She has walked ten miles since yesterday
• I have always worked very hard

B. Present Perfect Tense cannot be used for actions completed in the past.

• She has died of influenza yesterday (incorrect)
• She died of influenza yesterday (correct)
• I have completed my task yesterday (incorrect)
• I completed my task yesterday (correct)

(VIII.) Present Perfect Continuous
A. Used to express continuity of an action that started in past time.

• I have been shouting since morning
• Anil has been teaching all day
• Saurabh has been working since 1947

(IX.) Future Simple Tense
A. Used to denote action done at some time in future or to predict a coming event

• It is snowing; I shall not go out today

(X.) Future Continuous Tense
A, Used to say that an action will be going on or continuing at a particular time in future

• I will be having a lunch party
• This time tomorrow I will be flying over the Indian ocean
• I will be waiting for you at the airport

(XI.) Future Perfect Tense
A. Used to say that an action will have been completed by a certain time in the future

• I will have taught here for five years next November
• He will have reached here tomorrow by this time

(XII.) Future Perfect Continuous Tense
A. used to express an action which will be finished or completed at some point of time in future but will be continuing until then

• I will have been teaching for an hour by 12' o clock

Assignment – 7

1. As soon as I (see) him, I'll give him your news.
2. "It's too hot here." - "Oh sorry, I (open) the window."
3. We (not, be) able to leave until the police say it is safe to do so.
4. The film (come) here the week after next.
5. Claire (be) ten next year.

1. After Jessica _____ her degree, she intends to work in her father's company.
   A. will finish
   B. will have finished
   C. finishes
   D. is finishing
   
2. By the time I go to bed tonight, I ____ my work for the day.
   A. will finish
   B. have finished
   C. will have finished
   D. finish
   
3. When my parents___ for a visit tomorrow, they will see our new baby for the first time.
   A. will arrive
   B. arrived
   C. will have arrived
   D. arrive
   
4. Fatimah looked down to discover a snake at her feet. When she saw it, she ___________.
   A. was screaming
   B. had screamed
   C. screamed
   D. screams
   
5. By the time Alfonso finally graduated from high school, he _____ seven different schools because his parents moved frequently,
   A. attended
   B. was attending
   C. had attended
   D. had been attending
   
6. until you learn to relax more, you_____________ your ability to speak English.
   A. haven't improved
   B.aren't improving
   C. don't improve
   D. won't improve
   
7. I borrowed four books on gardening the last time I _____ to the library.
   A. go
   B. went
   C. had gone
   D. have gone
   
8. Before I started the car, all of the passengers____their seat belts.
   A. will buckle
   B. had buckled
   C. buckle
   D. have buckled
   
9. It seems that whenever I travel abroad, I ____to take something 1 need.
   A. forgot
   B. am forgetting
   C. forget
   D. had forgotten
   
10. When I see the doctor this afternoon, I him _____ to look at my throat.
    A. will ask
    B. asked
    C. will have asked
    D. ask

Assignment - 8
Q	A	Q	A
1	C	6	D
2	C	7	C
3	D	8	B
4	C	9	C
5	C	10	A

Assignment 9
ERROR SPOTTING

1. On account of the week (A) / long strike the factory (B) / was forced to close and (C)/ next month's shipment will delay. (D) No error. (E)
2. Since the US economy experiences (A) / a recession many Asian countries (B) / are likely to have (C) / reduced growth rates this year. (D) No error. (E)
3. The promotion means (A) /that you may be (B) / post in Chennai (C) / from next month. (D) No error. (E)
4. (A) More private companies should (B) be permit to enter (C) into field of communication (D) to strengthen the network. (E) No error.
5. The police is making (A) / every effort to provide (B) / the best possible help and (Cj / attention to each citizen. (D) / No error (E)
6. Our equipment gets damage (A) / very often in summer (B) / because there are (C) / frequent power cuts. (D) No error (E)
7. Since I had lived there (A) / for many years the villagers (B) / were very comfortable talked (C) / to me about their problems(D) No error (E)
8. We have been under (A) / a lot of pressure to (B) / open fifty new stores (C) / by the ending of the year. (D) No error (E
9. This is turned out to be (A) / one of our most successful projects (B) / and we have made quite (C) / a large profit from it. (D) No error (E)

Q.No	Ans	Remarks
1	D	"will be delayed"
2	A	"is experiencing"
3	C	"posted"
4	B	"permitted"
5	A	"are making"
6	A	"damaged"
7	C	"talking"
8	D	"end"
9	A	"has turned"

Assignment-10
SENTENCE CORRECTION

1. If I were you, I cannot have granted him any relief.
   (1) Did not have granted
   (2) would not grant
   (3) would not have been granting
   (4) would not have granted
   (5) No correction required
   
2. The issues were so complicated that they could not be easily resolved.
   (1) Easily been resolved
   (2) have been resolving
   (3) be easily resolve
   (4) had to be easily resolved
   (5) No correction required
   
3. Why you refrained from mention this point is a surprise to me
   (1) Refrained from mentioning
   (2) Refrained from mention of
   (3) Refrain from any mention of
   (4) Refrained to have any mention of
   (5) No correction required
   
4. The production of the factory's various departments had not been satisfactory this year.
   (1) Have not been
   (2) was not been
   (3) Will not have been
   (4) has not been
   (5) No correction
   
5. He has asked for the names of those employees involved in the project.
   (A) Had asked
   (B) having asked about
   (C) Was asked that
   (D) is asking
   (E) No correction

Q.No	Ans.	Remarks
1	2	If+sub+were+noun/pronoun ----sub+wouId+not+present tense (I form)
2	5	Past indefinite tense - passive voice(could+not+be+verb - 3rd form)
3	1	Refrained+from+verb+ing
4	4	Present perfect tense
5	5	Present perfect tense

Assignment – 11

1. There will be a trend of unseasonal rainfall in April, in recent years.
   (A) There has been
   (B) It has been
   (C) There is being
   (D) It may have been
   (E) No correction
   
2. The main objective of the workshop has made children aware of Western classical music.
   (A) Will make children aware
   (B) is to make children aware
   (C) is making aware children
   (D) Awareness of children
   (E) No correction required
   
3. Last year the Club has received a large donation.
   (a) Had received
   (b) has to receive
   (c) has to receive
   (d) received
   (e)No correction
   
4. Sangita has managed to complete the work I gave her.
   (a) Would have managed
   (b)has management
   (c) had to manage
   (d) has to manage
   (e) No correction required.
   
5. Venkat tries to make me change my mind but I was firm.
   (a) Tried
   (b) trying
   (c) would try
   (d) had been tried
   (e) No correction required

Q.No	Ans.	Remarks
1	A	Present Perfect Tense
2	B	Simple Present Tense
3	D	Past Indefinite Tense
4	E	Present Perfect Tense
5	A	Past Indefinite Tense

Assignment -12

1. Naveen has left when I reached his home.
   (1) has to leave
   (2) had left
   (3) had leave
   (4) Leaves
   (5) No correction
   
2. The ban was imposed by the state's commercial taxes department last Friday after protests by a certain community, which had threat to burn cinema hall s screening the controversial movie.
   (1) had threats of burning
   (2) had threated to burn
   (3) had threatened to burn
   (4)had threatened to burning
   (5) No correction required
   
3. Rakesh, an avid football player who captained his team in school and college, will inaugurate the match tomorrow in Pune.
   (1) Will be inaugurate
   (2) is inauguration
   (3) Will inaugurating
   (4) is inaugurate
   (5) No correction required
   
4. Although scared of heights, she gather all her courage and stood atop the 24-storey building to participate in the activities.
   (1) gathered all her courage
   (2) gathered all courageous
   (3) gather all courageous
   (4)is gathered all courage
   (5) No correction required
   
5. 1 have not get my cheque cashed on that day, as it was a bank holiday.
   1) Cannot get
   2) will not get
   3) have not got
   4) should not have got
   5) No Correction Required

Assignment -12(Answers)

Q.no.	Ans	Remarks
1	2	Past Perfect should be used, as there are two actions in the past, one earlier and the other later.
2	3	Past Perfect should be used.
3	5	Simple Future Tense should be used.
4	1	Simple past should be used.
5	3	Third form of verb should be used in Present Perfect Tense.

Assignment -13

1. Dancing and participate in drama are her favorite pastimes.
   1) Dancing and participating
   2) Dances and participations
   3) Dance and participated
   4) Dancing and participations
   5) No Correction Required
   
2. Having face with the difficulty of identifying genuinely sick units, the Central Govt is contemplating reviewing of the Sick industrial Companies Act.
   1) Being face the
   2) having been faced with
   3) Facing of
   4) Face to face
   5) No correction
   
3. Plagued by the popularity of Kaun Banega Crorepati, film exhibitors have decided to approach Amitabh Bachhan to trouble shoot.
   1) Plague by
   2) Plaguing by
   3) Being plagued by
   4) plagues by
   5) No correction required
   
4. Since we are living in New Delhi for five years, we are reluctant to move to another city.
   1) Being that we living
   2) Since we were living
   3) Since we have been living
   4) Being that we have been living
   5) No correction required
   
5. The Sydney Convention Centre sight a history creation for India when Karnam Malleswari became the first Indian woman to win a bronze medal.
   1) Seen a creation of history
   2) saw history being created
   3) has saw history being created
   4) Views history creation
   5) No correction required

Assignment -13(Answers)

Q.No	Ans	Remarks
1	1	Both are in the same form.
2	2	Present Perfect Participle should be used.
3	5	Past Participle should be used
4	3	Present Perfect Continuous should be used.
5	2	Past Tense with a participle phrase should be used.

Assignment -14

1. Galileo said that the earth revolved around the sun
   (1) has revolved
   (2) had revolved
   (3) revolves
   (4) was revolving
   (5) No correction required
   
2. The President was speaking for about half an hour when the trouble started
   (1) Had been speaking
   (2) have spoken
   (3) have been speaking
   (4) has spoken
   (5) No correction required
   
3. It is ten years since I have begun living here. (1) Had begun
   (2) have began
   (3) began
   (4) have been beginning
   (5) No correction required
   
4. He has not written any book since his mother had died.
   (1) Died
   (2) Have died
   (3) Has died
   (4) Was dead
   (5) No correction required
   
5. Striking this deal will enable the company to expand its operations in Europe
   (1) Strike this deal that
   (2) to strike off this deal
   (3) by striking this deal to
   (4) this deal was struck which
   (5) No correction required
   
6. China has to prepare to meet many age-related social and financial challenges in the coming years.
   (1) Is been preparing
   (2) was prepared
   (3) have been prepared
   (4) has preparations
   (5) no correction

Assignment -14(Answers)

Q.No	Ans	Remarks
1	3	Simple present tense should be used as it is a universal truth.
2	1	Past perfect continuous should be used as it is an action that started in the past.
3	3	Simple past should be used as action started in the past.
4	1	'Since' should be followed by a verb in simple past tense when there is present perfect tense in the sentence.
5	5	Present Participle should be used.
6	5	'Has to' should be used.

Assignment -15

1. Many employees are hesitate to volunteer for assignments in a foreign country because of language and cultural issues.
   (A) Hesitate to volunteer
   (B) hesitate to volunteer
   (C) hesitating volunteer
   (D) hesitatingly volunteer
   (E) No correction
   
2. The Board has inability to provide any proper strategy to outdo the competition.
   (A) not being able to provide
   (B) is unable to provide
   (C) cannot provide for
   (D) is being unable to provide
   (E) No correction required.
   
3. The crowd which has gather to protest against the decision slowly returned to their homes.
   (A) which had gathered
   (B) which have gather
   (C) gathering up
   (D) which gathers around
   (E) No correction required
   
4. The executive complaint to his colleagues that he felt overburdened at work.
   (A) Complain about
   (B) complaining to
   (C) has complain to
   (D) complained to
   (E) No correction
   
5. The bridge in connection with the two cities will remain closed for security reasons,
   (A) Connects between
   (B) in connection to
   (C) being connected from
   (D) connecting
   (E) No correction
   
6. To be successful it is important to know why your failure in the past and ensure that it doesn't happen again.
   (A) why you had failed
   (B) because you have failed
   (C) that your failure
   (D) where you were failed
   (E) No correction required
   
7. No traffic will be allowed in this area since the minister visit scheduled today.
   (A) minister's visit
   (B) minister is visiting
   (C) minister's visit is
   (D) visit of the Minister
   (E) No correction

Assignment -15(Answers)

Q.No	Ans	Remarks
1	A	Present Indefinite Tense should be used.
2	B	Simple present with the same meaning should be used to replace “has inability” as it sounds odd.
3	A	Past Perfect should be used.
4	D	Simple Past should be used.
5	D	Joining word should be used in 'ing' form without preposition.
6	A	Past Perfect should be used as it is an indirect speech.
7	C	Simple present in passive voice should be used.